EcomateESG Country RiskItaly prototype

Indicator catalogue

Methodology v1.2 · 278 raw indicators scored · Environmental 88 · Social 128 · Governance 62

Every series that enters the scores, by pillar and thematic area, with the direction recorded in the signed polarity register and its rationale, the source, the unit after any intensity transform, the number of regions covered and the latest reference year. The same list is Annex A of the methodology document. The 74 indicators present in the sources but not scored are listed with their reason in Methodology, section 2.

278 indicators

Environmental88

Affordable and clean energy6

  • Consumi di energia da fonti rinnovabili nel settore termico (in percentuale del consumo finale lordo di energia)

    SDG:SDG-376 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Renewable share of gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling: higher is better.
    Source
    GSE S.p.A. - Gestore dei Servizi Energetici
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Consumi di energia da fonti rinnovabili nel settore trasporti (in percentuale del consumo finale lordo di energia)

    SDG:SDG-377 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Renewable share of gross final energy consumption in transport: higher is better.
    Source
    GSE S.p.A. - Gestore dei Servizi Energetici
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Famiglie molto o abbastanza soddisfatte per la continuità del servizio elettrico

    SDG:SDG-93 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households satisfied with electricity-supply continuity: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Intensità energetica

    SDG:SDG-79 · Tonnellate equivalenti petrolio (TEP) per milione di euro

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Energy intensity of the economy: higher is worse.
    Source
    Enea
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Intensità energetica del settore Industria

    SDG:SDG-372 · Tonnellate equivalenti petrolio (TEP) per milione di euro

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Energy intensity of industry: higher is worse.
    Source
    Enea
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quote di mercato delle autovetture elettriche (BEV) e ibride plug-in (PHEV)

    SDG:SDG-491 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Market share of battery-electric and plug-in hybrid cars: higher is better.
    Source
    UNRAE
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Air quality3

  • NO2 — annual mean concentration in provincial capitals

    AIR:NO2_MEAN · µg/m³

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m³; limit value 40, WHO 2021 guideline 10) in the provincial capitals, ISPRA data published by ISTAT as SDG-297 (2024), aggregated as for PM10; NO2 reads traffic and combustion exposure, a source pattern distinct from particulates (r = 0.44 with PM10 days, 0.19 with ozone). Screened: max |r| 0.74 with overcrowded housing (SDG-223) and 0.72 with the road-accident indicators of Sicurezza (07SIC021/022), below the threshold.
    Source
    ISPRA measurement network, published by ISTAT as SDG 11.6.2 measure SDG-297 for the provincial capitals; aggregated to regions as the mean of the capitals weighted by the population of the province each capital represents (Eurostat demo_r_pjanaggr3)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Ozone — days above the long-term objective (120 µg/m³, 8-hour mean) in provincial capitals

    AIR:O3_DAYS · days per year

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Days per year on which the maximum daily 8-hour ozone mean exceeded 120 µg/m³ in the provincial capitals, ISPRA data published by ISTAT as SDG-295 (2024), aggregated as for PM10; summer photochemical pollution (highest in the Po valley, near zero in Sardinia) is the third distinct air-quality risk after particulates and NO2. Screened: |r| 0.81 with the propensity to patent (11RIC002, G) and 0.79 with urban green share (SDG-62): the first is above the ~0.8 duplicate threshold but the two indicators share no theme (both follow the north-south industrial gradient), so the review recommended keeping ozone. On 28 Sep 2026 the owner confirmed it under the rule of keeping only the most trusted and most recent source: the series is the ISPRA network data as ISTAT publishes them (SDG-295, drawn from the same data as the IstatData city table 609_1_DF_DCCV_URBANENV_4), latest year 2024. None of the five Calabrian capitals reports a valid ozone year after 2022 in either table, so Calabria keeps its 2022 value.
    Source
    ISPRA measurement network, published by ISTAT as SDG 11.6.2 measure SDG-295 for the provincial capitals; aggregated to regions as the mean of the capitals weighted by the population of the province each capital represents (Eurostat demo_r_pjanaggr3)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • PM10 — days above the daily limit value (50 µg/m³) in provincial capitals

    AIR:PM10_DAYS · days per year (legal limit: 35)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Number of days per year on which the PM10 daily mean exceeded 50 µg/m³ (Directive 2008/50/EC allows 35), ISPRA station data published by ISTAT for the 109 provincial capitals (SDG-220, 2024) and aggregated to the region as the mean of its capitals weighted by the population of the province each capital represents; more exceedance days = higher health risk. Screened against the 261 v1.2 indicators: max |r| 0.76 with agricultural ammonia emissions per km² (SDG-250, S) and 0.74 with soil sealing (10AMB018), below the duplicate threshold. Preferred to the PM10 annual mean (SDG-293) because the limit-value test is the regulatory measure; the two correlate at 0.91 and the mean is excluded.
    Source
    ISPRA measurement network, published by ISTAT as SDG 11.6.2 measure SDG-220 for the provincial capitals; aggregated to regions as the mean of the capitals weighted by the population of the province each capital represents (Eurostat demo_r_pjanaggr3)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Ambiente20

  • Annual net land take: new consumed land net of restorations, per hectare of territory (ISPRA-SNPA, 2024)

    SUOLO:NET_LAND_TAKE · m² of net new consumed land per hectare of territory (change 2023-2024)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Square metres of land newly consumed in 2024, net of restorations, per hectare of regional territory (ISPRA-SNPA land consumption report, 2025 edition; 7,850 ha nationally): the yearly flow of new artificial cover that the soil-sealing stock of the BES Ambiente domain (10AMB018) accumulates, higher is worse. From 4.4 m²/ha in Lazio and 4.2 in Puglia to 0.3 in Valle d'Aosta. Screened: max |r| 0.77 with the perceived safety of walking alone after dark (07SIC020, negative) and 0.67 with soil sealing (10AMB018), below the duplicate threshold. Single years are noisy (r = 0.81 between 2023 and 2024), and the 2023 value alone would fail the screen (0.83 with 10AMB018); the latest year is scored, as for every other series, and the 2022-2024 mean would pass at 0.79.
    Source
    ISPRA-SNPA, Consumo di suolo, dinamiche territoriali e servizi ecosistemici, edizione 2025 (elaborazioni v1.1, 24 Oct 2025): regional table, net increase of consumed land (csuolo8) over consumed plus not consumed land (csuolo1 + csuolo2)
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Aree protette

    BES:10AMB014 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Protected natural areas share of territory: higher is better.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Conferimento dei rifiuti urbani in discarica

    BES:10AMB004 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of municipal waste landfilled: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Dispersione da rete idrica comunale

    BES:10AMB003 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Water losses in municipal distribution networks: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Censimento delle acque per uso civile
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Disponibilità di verde urbano

    BES:10AMB008 · M2 per abitante

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Urban green space per inhabitant: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine Dati ambientali nelle città
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Energia elettrica da fonti rinnovabili

    BES:10AMB016 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Electricity from renewable sources (share of consumption): higher is better.
    Source
    Terna S.p.A.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Giorni con precipitazione estremamente intensa

    BES:10AMB026 · Numero di giorni

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Days with extremely intense precipitation: climate stress, higher is worse.
    Source
    Copernicus - European Union's Earth Observation Programme - Gridded dataset di rianalisi climatica, ERA5 hourly data
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Giorni consecutivi senza pioggia

    BES:10AMB027 · Numero di giorni

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Consecutive dry days: drought stress, higher is worse.
    Source
    Copernicus - European Union's Earth Observation Programme - Gridded dataset di rianalisi climatica, ERA5 hourly data
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Households reporting noise as a problem of the area where they live

    AVQ:NOISE · % of households

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households reporting noise as very or fairly present in the area where they live, ISTAT survey Aspetti della vita quotidiana 2025 (IstatData 82_87_DF_DCCV_AVQ_FAMIGLIE_105, the series the Annuario statistico republishes a year later; its 2024 values are identical): higher is worse. The review screened the 2024 values (r = 0.87 with overcrowded housing, SDG-223, and -0.81 with satisfaction with the environmental situation, 10AMB009) and recommended exclusion under the standing duplicate rule: reported noise follows the urban-density gradient. On 28 Sep 2026 the owner ruled to keep the measure from the most trusted and most recent source only, so the 2025 series is scored in the Ambiente domain as an accepted exception, disclosed here (2025 screen: r = 0.90 with SDG-223, -0.83 with primary PM2.5 emissions per inhabitant, EMIS:PM25_PC, and -0.82 with 10AMB009). The EU-SILC noise item (IstatData 33_291) is as recent but suppressed for Valle d'Aosta and Trento and unstable by region, and measured exposure (END strategic noise maps) is published by agglomeration only (see sources not integrable).
    Source
    ISTAT, Indagine Aspetti della vita quotidiana 2025, households reporting noise as very or fairly present in the area where they live, IstatData 82_87_DF_DCCV_AVQ_FAMIGLIE_105 (HOUS_NOISE_VQ, per 100 households; republished in the Annuario statistico italiano, table 2.25)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Impermeabilizzazione del suolo da copertura artificiale

    BES:10AMB018 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Soil sealing by artificial cover: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Indice di durata dei periodi di caldo

    BES:10AMB025 · Numero di giorni

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Heat-wave duration index (days): climate stress, higher is worse.
    Source
    Copernicus - European Union's Earth Observation Programme - Gridded dataset di rianalisi climatica, ERA5 hourly data
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Popolazione esposta al rischio di alluvioni

    BES:10AMB012 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Population exposed to flood risk: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA - Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosità e indicatori di rischio
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Popolazione esposta al rischio di frane

    BES:10AMB011 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Population exposed to landslide risk: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA - Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia: pericolosità e indicatori di rischio
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Preoccupazione per cambiamenti climatici ed effetto serra

    BES:10AMB023 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people ranking climate change among the main environmental concerns. Read as environmental awareness, following the ISTAT BES convention (positive polarity). Confirmed by the owner on 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Preoccupazione per la perdita di biodiversità

    BES:10AMB015 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people ranking biodiversity loss among the main environmental concerns. Read as environmental awareness, following the ISTAT BES convention for this indicator (positive polarity). Confirmed by the owner on 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Qualità dell'aria - PM2.5

    BES:10AMB020 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of valid PM2.5 measurements above the WHO daily guideline: worse air quality, higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 (Veneto at 100% exceedances scored 100).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rifiuti urbani prodotti

    BES:10AMB024 · Kg per abitante

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Municipal waste generated per inhabitant: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Siti contaminati

    BES:10AMB010 · Valori per 1.000

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2021
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Contaminated sites per 1,000 km2: higher is worse.
    Source
    Ministero dell'ambiente e della sicurezza energetica - Elaborazione su dati Ministero della Transizione Ecologica e ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per la situazione ambientale

    BES:10AMB009 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People satisfied with the environmental situation where they live: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Urban waste-water load receiving compliant secondary treatment (share of the load generated by agglomerations of 2,000 p.e. or more)

    UWWTD:SECONDARY_COMPLIANCE · % of generated load (population equivalents), situation at 31 Dec 2022

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of the load generated by agglomerations of 2,000 p.e. or more that enters plants with secondary treatment passing the BOD5 and COD performance tests of Directive 91/271/EEC (EEA Waterbase UWWTD, Italian report for the situation at 31 Dec 2022, final public version Oct 2025), computed agglomeration by agglomeration, higher is better: Italy 84.4 per cent, from 28.6 in Sicily to 100 in Piemonte. It reads the Directive's own compliance test, which the treated-load share does not, and is the basis of the EU infringement procedures. The screen failed on two counts: r = 0.86 with the ISPRA treated-load share from the same questionnaire (UWWTD:TREATED_SHARE) and -0.84 with teenage fertility (SDG-55), the North-South development gradient that the treated-load share follows at 0.79, so the review recommended keeping the treated-load share. On 28 Sep 2026 the owner ruled under the standing sourcing rule: keep the most up-to-date source and, if both are equally recent, the most reliable, official and detailed one. The two series come from the same Italian report (the Commission's UWWTD 2024 questionnaire, situation at 31 Dec 2022; ISPRA's regional generated loads equal the Waterbase ones exactly in 14 of 20 regions and are 0.2 per cent apart nationally), so neither is more recent. The Waterbase is the final quality-checked version of that report, at agglomeration and plant level with the Directive's performance tests, while the ISPRA table aggregates it by region. The compliance share is therefore scored in place of the treated-load share in the BES Ambiente domain; its correlation with teenage fertility, two unrelated constructs that share the regional development gradient, is an accepted exception to the duplicate rule, disclosed here.
    Source
    EEA Waterbase UWWTD, data call 2023, final public version Oct 2025 (Directive 91/271/EEC, Italian Article 15 report): agglomerations ≥ 2,000 p.e., agglomeration-plant links and plant BOD5/COD performance (https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/52b2e779-a146-414f-bf00-d63dfbf9c4f1)
    Register
    v1.2 stale-series review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

Biodiversity and land5

  • Ecosystem condition — dependency risk from degraded ecosystems

    WWF:ECOSYSTEM_DEGRADED · WWF risk score 1 (very low) – 5 (very high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    WWF BRF ecosystem-condition risk (1-5): degraded ecosystems, higher is worse.
    Source
    WWF Biodiversity Risk Filter 2026, Adm1 sheet, indicator 2.4 Ecosystem Condition (degraded)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Land, freshwater and sea use change (pressure on biodiversity)

    WWF:LAND_USE_CHANGE · WWF risk score 1 (very low) – 5 (very high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    WWF BRF land, freshwater and sea-use change pressure (1-5): higher is worse.
    Source
    WWF Biodiversity Risk Filter 2026, Adm1 sheet, indicator 13.1 Land, Freshwater and Sea Use Change
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Pollination service risk (dependency of crops on wild pollinators under pressure)

    WWF:POLLINATION · WWF risk score 1 (very low) – 5 (very high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    WWF BRF pollination-service risk (1-5): crops dependent on wild pollinators under pressure, higher is worse.
    Source
    WWF Biodiversity Risk Filter 2026, Adm1 sheet, indicator 2.5 Pollination
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soil erosion by water (RUSLE2015 mean soil loss, agricultural and natural land)

    JRC:SOIL_EROSION · tonnes per hectare per year

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2016 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mean soil loss by water (RUSLE2015): land-degradation pressure, higher is worse.
    Source
    JRC ESDAC RUSLE2015 via Eurostat aei_pr_soiler (unit T_HA, levels TOTAL, clc18 CLC2_3X331_332_335)
    Data note
    Reference year 2016 is the latest RUSLE2015 soil-loss estimate at NUTS 2 (JRC ESDAC via Eurostat aei_pr_soiler); the 2023 JRC update covers only the cover-management factor, not soil loss. Soil-loss potential is a slow structural variable, so the age matters less than for survey data; kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Woodland cover (share of territory classified as woodland, LUCAS survey)

    EUROSTAT:WOODLAND · % of land area

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Woodland share of land area (LUCAS): natural capital, higher is better.
    Source
    Eurostat lan_lcv_ovw (LUCAS), unit KM2; landcover C00 over sum of A00–H00
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Clean water and sanitation5

  • Copertura del servizio pubblico di fognatura

    SDG:SDG-449 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Coverage of the public sewerage service: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Famiglie che non si fidano di bere l'acqua del rubinetto

    SDG:SDG-36 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households that do not trust tap water: service distrust, higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di corpi idrici acque superficiali interne (fiumi e laghi) con stato di qualità ecologica elevato o buono

    SDG:SDG-288 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2021
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of inland surface water bodies with high ecological status: higher is better.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Prelievo di acqua per uso potabile (per abitante al giorno)

    SDG:SDG-378 · Litri per abitante al giorno

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    • intensity
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Water abstracted for drinking-water supply: pressure on water resources (network losses included), higher is worse. Published in million m3; scored in litres per inhabitant per day from v1.1.
    Source
    Istat
    Intensity
    Drinking-water abstraction per inhabitant per day.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Zone umide di importanza internazionale (% della superficie regionale)

    SDG:SDG-168 · Valori percentuali della superficie regionale

    • higher = less risk
    • 15/20 regions
    • 2021
    • intensity
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Ramsar wetlands of international importance: protected natural capital, higher is better. Published in hectares; scored as % of regional surface from v1.1.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Intensity
    Ramsar wetland area as a share of regional surface.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Emissions and transition risk4

  • Carbon intensity of GDP (greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of economic output)

    EMIS:GHG_GDP · tonnes CO2-equivalent per million EUR of GDP (2023)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Replaces OECD:CARBON_INTENSITY under the same owner decision: the ISPRA 2023 greenhouse-gas totals of EMIS:GHG_PC divided by regional GDP at current prices (Eurostat nama_10r_2gdp, the denominator the OECD series used; Bolzano and Trento summed): higher is worse. Highest in Basilicata, Sardinia and Puglia, lowest in Lazio. Screened: r = 0.89 with the retired OECD series and 0.81 with energy intensity (SDG-79), a pair already in the scored set before v1.2 (the OECD carbon intensity correlated at 0.83 with it, since carbon intensity is energy intensity times the carbon content of the energy used); next 0.77 with its group sibling EMIS:GHG_PC (the theme is weighted once) and 0.75 with the energy intensity of industry (SDG-372).
    Source
    ISPRA national emission inventory, provincial disaggregation 2023 edition (Disaggregazione_provinciale_inventario_2023_rev06_2026.xlsx), CO2 + 28 x CH4 + 265 x N2O (AR5 GWP100), provinces summed to regions, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources and LULUCF removals excluded), divided by Eurostat regional GDP 2023 at current prices (nama_10r_2gdp, MIO_EUR; Bolzano and Trento summed)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Employment in carbon-intensive sectors (mining, refining, chemicals, cement/glass, metals, power)

    EUROSTAT:ETS_JOBS · % of business-economy employment (NACE B–R)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Employment share in carbon-intensive sectors: transition risk, higher is worse.
    Source
    Eurostat sbs_r_nuts2021, EMP_LOC_NR; NACE B + C19 + C20 + C23 + C24 + D35 over sum of sections
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Greenhouse-gas emissions per inhabitant

    EMIS:GHG_PC · tonnes CO2-equivalent per inhabitant (2023, CO2 + CH4 + N2O, excluding LULUCF)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Replaces OECD:GHG_PC by owner decision of 28 Sep 2026 (one source per theme, the most trusted and the most recent): CO2 + 28 CH4 + 265 N2O (AR5 GWP100, as in the national UNFCCC submissions) from the ISPRA provincial disaggregation of the national inventory, 2023 edition revised June 2026, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources and LULUCF removals excluded), summed to regions and divided by residents: higher is worse. The file sums to 385.1 Mt CO2e for 2023. F-gases are left out because the file reports HFCs partly as a mass aggregate without the species split needed for GWP weighting. Highest in Basilicata, Sardinia and Valle d'Aosta, lowest in Campania. Screened: r = 0.80 with the retired OECD series and 0.77 with its group sibling EMIS:GHG_GDP (the theme is weighted once); outside the group at most 0.70 (NOx per inhabitant, EMIS:NOX_PC), below the duplicate threshold.
    Source
    ISPRA national emission inventory, provincial disaggregation 2023 edition (Disaggregazione_provinciale_inventario_2023_rev06_2026.xlsx), CO2 + 28 x CH4 + 265 x N2O (AR5 GWP100), provinces summed to regions, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources and LULUCF removals excluded), divided by resident population (lib/region-stats-data.mjs)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Mean energy class of dwellings certified for sale or rent, all ten classes (G = 1 to A4 = 10; ENEA SIAPE, 2025)

    SIAPE:MEAN_ENERGY_CLASS · mean class score, G = 1 to A4 = 10 (residential energy performance certificates issued in 2025 for a sale or a rental)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mean energy class of the residential energy performance certificates issued in 2025 for a sale or a rental (ENEA SIAPE, 943,844 certificates), each class scored from G = 1 to A4 = 10 so that the whole distribution is read, not the F-G tail alone (r = -0.98 between the mean and the F-G share): higher is better, since a better-performing housing stock carries less transition risk under the minimum energy performance standards of Directive (EU) 2024/1275 and lower energy costs. Classes are set against a reference building of the same geometry in the same climate (DM 26 June 2015), so they compare regions across climates, which kWh per m² would not. Certificates for new buildings and renovations are left out because they describe works, not the stock on the market. From 3.43 in Trentino-Alto Adige and 3.30 in Sardinia to 2.25 in Tuscany. A single year is read because Campania and Sardinia sent SIAPE no certificates for 2023-2024; regional registers feed it unevenly (10.5 to 25.8 certificates per 1,000 residents in 2025), so the least-fed regions rest on smaller samples. Screened: max |r| 0.69 with separate collection of urban waste (SDG 10AMB017), -0.67 with schools with adapted computer stations (SDG-368) and 0.66 with library use (02IST024), below the duplicate threshold.
    Source
    ENEA, SIAPE (Sistema Informativo sugli Attestati di Prestazione Energetica), aggregate-data service: residential certificates by energy class, reason for issue sale or rental, fed by the regional certificate registers
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Forests2

  • Forest carbon sink intensity (net GHG removals per hectare of tree cover, 2001–2025 average)

    GNW:CARBON_SINK · tonnes CO2e removed per hectare per year

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Net forest GHG removals per hectare of tree cover: higher is better.
    Source
    Global Nature Watch data API, gadm__tcl__adm1_summary v20260424 (Harris et al. 2021 flux model; sign inverted so positive = sink)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tree-cover loss rate (mean annual loss 2021–2025 as share of year-2000 tree cover)

    GNW:TCL_RATE · % of 2000 tree-cover extent lost per year

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mean annual tree-cover loss as a share of year-2000 cover: higher is worse.
    Source
    Global Nature Watch data API, gadm__tcl__adm1_change v20260424 (Hansen/UMD, 30 % canopy threshold)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Hydrogeological hazard2

  • Territory at high flood hazard (P3)

    ISPRA:ID_P3 · % of regional area

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of territory at high flood hazard: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA IdroGEO (Piattaforma Italiana Rischio Idrogeologico) — landslide PAI mosaic 2024 (Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia, Edizione 2024), flood hazard PGRA mosaic 2020
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Territory at high landslide hazard (P3+P4)

    ISPRA:FR_P3P4 · % of regional area

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of territory at high or very high landslide hazard: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA IdroGEO (Piattaforma Italiana Rischio Idrogeologico) — landslide PAI mosaic 2024 (Dissesto idrogeologico in Italia, Edizione 2024), flood hazard PGRA mosaic 2020
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Life below water2

  • Coastal and transitional bathing waters of excellent quality (share of all identified sites)

    BWD:EXCELLENT_SHARE · % of coastal and transitional bathing waters, season 2025

    • higher = less risk
    • 15/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of the coastal and transitional bathing waters classified excellent under Directive 2006/7/EC in the 2025 season, all identified sites in the denominator (EEA status of bathing water 1990-2025, classification reported by the Ministero della Salute): higher is better. It is the definition of ISTAT SDG-499, reproduced exactly for 2024, read from the primary source one season later, and it replaces both SDG-499 (same measure) and the stale coastal-bathability share BES 10AMB007 (2019). It keeps the place of SDG-499 in Goal 14 next to marine litter (SDG-488). Screened: r = 0.86 with SDG-499 (the same series one season earlier, retired), then 0.64 with contaminated sites (10AMB010), below the threshold.
    Source
    EEA, Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC, status of bathing water 1990-2025, version 1.0 (classification reported by the Ministero della Salute; https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/datastore/public/eea_t_bathing-water-status_p_1990-2025_v01_r00/)
    Register
    v1.2 stale-series review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rifiuti marini spiaggiati

    SDG:SDG-488 · N. per 100 metri di spiaggia

    • higher = more risk
    • 15/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Beach litter items per 100 m of coastline: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Life on land3

  • Frammentazione del territorio naturale e agricolo

    SDG:SDG-292 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fragmentation of natural and agricultural land: higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Indice di copertura vegetale montana

    SDG:SDG-453 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mountain vegetation cover index: higher is better.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quota di territorio affetto da degrado del suolo

    SDG:SDG-523 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2019 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of territory affected by land degradation (SDG 15.3.1): higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Data note
    Latest regional estimate 2019 (ISPRA land-degradation assessment for SDG 15.3.1); the next assessment is not yet in the SDG file; kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Paesaggio e patrimonio culturale11

  • Abusivismo edilizio

    BES:09PAE003 · Per 100 costruzioni autorizzate

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Illegal building per 100 authorised buildings: higher is worse.
    Source
    Centro ricerche economiche sociali di mercato per l'edilizia e il territorio (Cresme)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Densità di verde storico

    BES:09PAE009-N25 · Per 100 m2

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Density of historic green areas: heritage endowment, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Indagine Dati ambientali nelle città, Basi territoriali dei censimenti
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Densità e rilevanza del patrimonio museale

    BES:09PAE002 · Per 100 km2

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Museum density and relevance per 100 km2: cultural-heritage endowment, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine sui musei e le istituzioni similari
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Diffusione delle aziende agrituristiche

    BES:09PAE008 · Per 100 km2

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Agritourism farms per 100 km2: rural-landscape valorisation (BES positive polarity), higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione delle aziende agrituristiche
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Erosione dello spazio rurale da abbandono

    BES:09PAE005 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2021
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Erosion of rural space by abandonment: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Censimento generale dell'agricoltura, Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni, Basi territoriali dei censimenti
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Erosione dello spazio rurale da dispersione urbana (urban sprawl)

    BES:09PAE004 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 17/20 regions
    • 2021
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Erosion of rural space by urban sprawl: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Censimento generale dell'agricoltura, Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni, Basi territoriali dei censimenti
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Impatto degli incendi boschivi

    BES:09PAE007 · Per 1.000 km2

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Burnt forest area per 1,000 km2 (wildfire impact): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Insoddisfazione per il paesaggio del luogo di vita

    BES:09PAE010 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people dissatisfied with the landscape where they live: higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 because 'soddisfazione' matched inside 'insoddisfazione'.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Preoccupazione per il deterioramento del paesaggio

    BES:09PAE011 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people worried about the deterioration of the landscape where they live. Review 2 read it as a negative signal about the place (ISTAT BES assigns negative polarity) and recommended risk. On 28 Sep 2026 the owner chose the awareness reading, so the indicator is scored as safety, consistent with the two concern indicators of the environment domain (10AMB015, 10AMB023). v1.0 had also scored it as safety, but by a keyword accident ('paesaggio' matched a safety keyword), so the entry is no longer counted among the v1.0 corrections.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Pressione delle attività estrattive

    BES:09PAE006 · M3 per km2

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Quarrying pressure (m3 per km2): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Pressione antropica e rischi naturali (Attività estrattive da cave e miniere)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Spesa corrente dei Comuni per la cultura

    BES:09PAE001 · Euro pro capite

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Municipal current spending on culture per capita: heritage stewardship, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Finanza locale: entrate e spese dei bilanci consuntivi di Comuni, Province e Città metropolitane
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Physical hazards6

  • Coastal flood hazard level

    TH:CF · hazard level (0 very low – 3 high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    ThinkHazard! coastal-flood hazard class (0-3), fixed scale; landlocked regions score no exposure. Kept: the classes vary across regions and no finer official regional source exists.
    Source
    ThinkHazard! (GFDRR / World Bank)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Cooling degree days (heat exposure)

    EUROSTAT:CDD · degree days per year

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Cooling degree days: chronic heat exposure, higher is worse.
    Source
    Eurostat (Copernicus/JRC-derived), dataset nrg_chddr2_a
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mean indoor radon concentration in dwellings (national survey 1989-1998, as reported in the national radon action plan 2023-2032)

    RADON:INDOOR_MEAN · Bq/m³, arithmetic mean of the surveyed dwellings

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 1998 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Arithmetic mean of the annual radon concentration measured in dwellings by the ISS-ANPA national survey (1989-1998), as tabulated by region in the national radon action plan 2023-2032 (PNAR, D.Lgs. 101/2020): radon is the second cause of lung cancer after smoking, so higher is worse. From 119 Bq/m³ in Lazio and 111 in Lombardy to 25 in Calabria; Trentino-Alto Adige combines Bolzano (70) and Trento (49) weighted by residents. It reads the geogenic hazard of the ground buildings stand on, which no other scored series measures. Screened: max |r| 0.74 with public-transport seat-km (12SER008) and -0.70 with perceived job insecurity (03LAV013-N22), below the duplicate threshold.
    Source
    Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) and ANPA, national survey of natural radioactivity in dwellings (Indagine nazionale sulla radioattività naturale nelle abitazioni), 1989-1998; regional means as tabulated in the Piano nazionale d'azione per il radon 2023-2032 (PNAR)
    Data note
    Measured 1989-1998: the national survey is still the only harmonised regional measurement and the reference of the national radon action plan 2023-2032; later campaigns were run region by region with different designs. Radon comes from the rocks and soils under a building, so the regional pattern changes little over time. Kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Population in seismic zones 1-2 (share of residents in municipalities with ag > 0.15 g)

    DPC:SEISMIC_Z12 · % of resident population

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of residents living in municipalities classified in seismic zones 1 or 2 (ag > 0.15 g, OPCM 3519/2006; DPC classification May 2025 x ISTAT population 1 Jan 2025): higher is more seismic exposure.
    Source
    Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, classificazione sismica dei comuni (May 2025) x ISTAT POSAS resident population 1 January 2025
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tsunami hazard level

    TH:TS · hazard level (0 very low – 3 high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    ThinkHazard! tsunami hazard class (0-3), fixed scale; landlocked regions score no exposure. Kept pending an INGV TSUMAPS-NEAM regional aggregation.
    Source
    ThinkHazard! (GFDRR / World Bank)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Volcanic hazard class (Civil Protection register of active and quiescent volcanoes)

    DPC:VOLCANIC · hazard class (0 none - 3 high)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    • fixed scale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Volcanic hazard class from the Civil Protection register of active and quiescent volcanoes and national emergency plans (fixed scale 0-3): higher is worse.
    Source
    Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, 'Rischio vulcanico: i vulcani in Italia' and national emergency plans (Vesuvio DPCM 14 Feb 2014 / 2 Feb 2015; Campi Flegrei DPCM 24 Jun 2016; Stromboli, Vulcano, Etna plans)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Pollution pressures5

  • Groundwater monitoring stations with mean nitrate concentration at or above 50 mg/l (share, 2020-2023)

    GW:NITRATES_50 · % of stations (period mean 2020-2023)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of groundwater monitoring stations whose 2020-2023 mean nitrate concentration reaches the 50 mg/l limit of the Drinking Water and Nitrates Directives (ISPRA elaboration of the regional environmental agencies' networks, 4,581 stations; Bolzano and Trento combined): aquifer contamination from agriculture and sewage, higher is worse. Screened: max |r| 0.68 with public institutions publishing social or environmental reports (SDG-340), 0.66 with alcohol consumption (01SAL011) and 0.64 with concern about biodiversity loss (10AMB015), below the threshold. Pesticides in groundwater were examined and are not integrable (see sources not integrable).
    Source
    ISPRA elaboration of SNPA and regional monitoring data reported under the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC), stations by nitrate class, period 2020-2023 (https://indicatoriambientali.isprambiente.it/it/acque-interne/nitrati-nelle-acque-sotterranee); Bolzano and Trento summed before the ratio
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2): emissions per inhabitant

    EMIS:NOX_PC · kg per inhabitant (2023, anthropogenic sources)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Anthropogenic NOx emissions (road transport, combustion in energy and industry, off-road machinery, shipping in port) from the same inventory, per inhabitant: higher is worse. The NO2 concentration of the Air quality group reads exposure in the provincial capitals, this reads the regional pressure (r = -0.41 between the two: per-head emissions are highest where large plants meet small populations). Per km² the series duplicates soil sealing (r = 0.89 with 10AMB018) and was set aside. Screened per inhabitant: max |r| 0.77 with GHG emissions per capita (OECD:GHG_PC), below the threshold.
    Source
    ISPRA national emission inventory, provincial disaggregation 2023 edition (Disaggregazione_provinciale_inventario_2023_rev06_2026.xlsx), provinces summed to regions, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources excluded), divided by resident population (lib/region-stats-data.mjs)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • PM2.5 (primary): emissions per inhabitant

    EMIS:PM25_PC · kg per inhabitant (2023, anthropogenic sources)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Primary fine-particulate emissions (residential wood and biomass heating first, then road transport and industry) per inhabitant, from the same inventory: higher is worse. It is the pressure behind the PM2.5 concentrations scored in Ambiente (BES 10AMB020, r = -0.38 with this series, since concentrations also depend on the Po-valley meteorology). Per km² r = 0.79 with soil sealing (10AMB018), at the threshold, and set aside. Screened per inhabitant: max |r| 0.73 with overcrowded housing (SDG-223, negative) and 0.72 with degradation of the area where one lives (07SIC021, negative), below the threshold. PM10 and CO per inhabitant share the heating source (r = 0.97 and 0.98) and are not scored.
    Source
    ISPRA national emission inventory, provincial disaggregation 2023 edition (Disaggregazione_provinciale_inventario_2023_rev06_2026.xlsx), provinces summed to regions, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources excluded), divided by resident population (lib/region-stats-data.mjs)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Seveso establishments (upper and lower tier) per million inhabitants

    RIR:SEVESO_PC · establishments per million inhabitants

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Establishments notified under the Seveso III Directive (2012/18/EU, D.Lgs. 105/2015), upper and lower tier, in the ISPRA-MASE national inventory (932 establishments; regional counts read from the ISPRA indicator page and versioned in data/raw/seveso-rir-ispra-2025.json), per million inhabitants: each is a site where a major accident (fire, explosion, toxic release) can reach the surrounding population, so more establishments per head is higher risk. Counts are not weighted by hazard class or distance to housing. Per km² the density follows the Po-valley industrial and farming gradient (r = 0.84 with agricultural ammonia per km², SDG-250) and was set aside. Screened per inhabitant: max |r| 0.78 with surface water bodies in high ecological status (SDG-288) and 0.76 with carbon-intensive employment (EUROSTAT:ETS_JOBS), below the duplicate threshold.
    Source
    ISPRA-MASE Inventario nazionale degli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante (art. 5(3) D.Lgs. 105/2015, Seveso III), regional counts as published on the ISPRA indicator page (2025-06 extraction, 932 establishments), divided by resident population (lib/region-stats-data.mjs)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Sulphur oxides (SO2 + SO3): emissions per km²

    EMIS:SO2_KM2 · Mg per km² (2023, anthropogenic sources)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Anthropogenic SOx emissions (SNAP macrosectors 01-10; natural sources and international shipping booked on EMEP grid cells excluded) from the ISPRA provincial disaggregation of the national inventory, 2023 edition revised June 2026, summed to regions and divided by area: higher is worse. SOx now comes from a few point sources (refineries, power and steel plants, ports), so the burden is read against the land around them; per inhabitant the series duplicates the energy intensity of industry (r = 0.86 with SDG-372) and was set aside. Screened per km²: max |r| 0.68 with perceived safety walking alone after dark (07SIC020) and 0.66 with consecutive dry days (10AMB027), below the threshold.
    Source
    ISPRA national emission inventory, provincial disaggregation 2023 edition (Disaggregazione_provinciale_inventario_2023_rev06_2026.xlsx), provinces summed to regions, SNAP macrosectors 01-10 (natural sources excluded), divided by regional area (lib/region-stats-data.mjs)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Projected climate hazards3

  • Projected change in hot days (daily maximum above 35 °C) per year, 2040-2059 against 1995-2014 (CMIP6, SSP5-8.5)

    CCKP:HOT_DAYS_35_CHANGE · days per year, change in the CMIP6 ensemble median

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2040-2059 (projection)
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Change in the number of days a year with a maximum temperature above 35 °C between the 1995-2014 historical run and 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 (CMIP6 0.25° bias-adjusted ensemble median, World Bank CCKP, regional mean): more added hot days is higher heat risk for health, outdoor work and energy demand. From +15.4 days in Emilia-Romagna and +13.8 in Puglia to none in Valle d'Aosta and Trentino-Alto Adige. A projection, not an observation: the year recorded is the year it was retrieved. Screened: max |r| 0.64 with quarrying pressure (09PAE006) and -0.61 with protected areas (10AMB014), below the duplicate threshold; the historical level correlates at only 0.36 with cooling degree days (EUROSTAT:CDD), a different construct. Values under SSP2-4.5 correlate at 0.99 with those under SSP5-8.5.
    Source
    World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CMIP6 0.25° bias-adjusted collection: annual climatology, median across all models of the ensemble, averaged over the first-level administrative unit; 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 minus the 1995-2014 historical run
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Projected change in the 12-month Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, 2040-2059 against 1995-2014 (CMIP6, SSP5-8.5; negative = drier)

    CCKP:SPEI12_CHANGE · SPEI-12 units, change in the CMIP6 ensemble median (negative = drier)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2040-2059 (projection)
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Change in the 12-month SPEI, the drought index that balances precipitation against evaporative demand, between 1995-2014 and 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 (CMIP6 ensemble median, World Bank CCKP, regional mean): every region dries, and a higher (less negative) value means less added drought, so higher is better. From -0.48 in Friuli-Venezia Giulia to -1.14 in Sicily. Screened: max |r| 0.77 with cooling degree days (EUROSTAT:CDD) and 0.77 with inadequate English listening skills (SDG-445), both negative and below the duplicate threshold; the historical and 2040-2059 levels and the change under SSP2-4.5 failed the screen, as did every reading of consecutive dry days (0.86 to 0.91). Values under SSP2-4.5 correlate at 0.97 with those under SSP5-8.5.
    Source
    World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CMIP6 0.25° bias-adjusted collection: annual climatology, median across all models of the ensemble, averaged over the first-level administrative unit; 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 minus the 1995-2014 historical run
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Projected change in the wettest day of the year (largest 1-day precipitation), 2040-2059 against 1995-2014 (CMIP6, SSP5-8.5)

    CCKP:RX1DAY_CHANGE · mm, change in the CMIP6 ensemble median

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2040-2059 (projection)
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Change in the largest 1-day precipitation of the year between 1995-2014 and 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 (CMIP6 ensemble median, World Bank CCKP, regional mean): a heavier wettest day is higher risk of flash and urban flooding and of landslides. From +5.0 mm in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and +4.0 in Trentino-Alto Adige to no change in Sicily. Screened: max |r| 0.78 with cooling degree days (EUROSTAT:CDD, negative), 0.76 with satisfaction with leisure time (08BSO002) and 0.75 with households not trusting tap water (SDG-36, negative), below the duplicate threshold; the historical level correlates at 0.60 with the observed extreme-rain days (10AMB026). Values under SSP2-4.5 correlate at 0.80 with those under SSP5-8.5, so the rain signal is less robust across scenarios than heat and drought.
    Source
    World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, CMIP6 0.25° bias-adjusted collection: annual climatology, median across all models of the ensemble, averaged over the first-level administrative unit; 2040-2059 under SSP5-8.5 minus the 1995-2014 historical run
    Register
    v1.2 missing-indicator review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Responsible consumption and production4

  • Incidenza del turismo sui rifiuti

    SDG:SDG-176 · Kg per abitante equivalente

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Additional municipal waste attributable to tourism per inhabitant-equivalent: pressure, higher is worse.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di istituzioni pubbliche che acquistano beni e/o servizi adottando criteri ambientali minimi (CAM), in almeno una procedura di acquisto (Acquisti verdi o Green Public Procurement)

    SDG:SDG-341 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of public institutions applying minimum environmental criteria in procurement: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di istituzioni pubbliche che adottano forme di rendicontazione sociale e/o ambientale

    SDG:SDG-340 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of public institutions publishing social or environmental reports: accountability, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Produzione di rifiuti speciali pericolosi pro capite

    SDG:SDG-115A · Kg per abitante

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Hazardous special waste per inhabitant (UN SDG 12.4.2): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Sustainable cities and communities7

  • Incidenza delle aree di verde urbano sulla superficie urbanizzata delle città

    SDG:SDG-62 · M2 per 100 m2 di superficie urbanizzata

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Urban green area per 100 m2 of urbanised surface: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati che si recano abitualmente sul luogo di lavoro solo con mezzi privati

    SDG:SDG-375 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of workers commuting only by private vehicle: more car dependence and transport emissions (SDG 11.2), higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di persone che vivono in abitazioni con problemi strutturali o problemi di umidità

    SDG:SDG-225 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People living in dwellings with structural problems or damp: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di persone che vivono in abitazioni sovraffollate

    SDG:SDG-223 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People living in overcrowded dwellings: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone di 14-65 anni che hanno subito almeno una molestia a sfondo sessuale negli ultimi 12 mesi

    SDG:SDG-236 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people 14-65 who suffered sexual harassment in the last 12 months: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Raccolta differenziata dei rifiuti urbani

    SDG:10AMB017 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Separate collection share of municipal waste: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Studenti che si spostano abitualmente per raggiungere il luogo di studio solo con mezzi pubblici

    SDG:SDG-374 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Students commuting only by public transport: sustainable mobility, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Social128

Benessere economico9

  • Bassa intensità di lavoro - Europa 2030

    BES:04BEC010-N23 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Very low work intensity (Europe 2030): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Disuguaglianza del reddito netto (s80/s20)

    BES:04BEC002 · Numero puro - rapporto tra redditi

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Income quintile share ratio s80/s20: a higher ratio is more inequality (SDG 10). Was inverted in v1.0 (Calabria, the most unequal region, scored 100).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Eviction orders issued per 1,000 households (Ministero dell'Interno, 2023)

    SFRATTI:ORDERS_HH · eviction orders issued in 2023 per 1,000 private households

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Eviction orders for dwellings issued by the courts in 2023 per 1,000 private households (Ministry of the Interior, Ufficio Centrale di Statistica; households from the ISTAT labour force survey via Eurostat): 39,373 orders nationally, 78 per cent for arrears or another breach, so the rate reads acute housing distress, higher is worse. Orders are read rather than executions, which follow months or years later at the pace of the courts and bailiffs. From 2.9 in Liguria to 0.5 in Basilicata. Calabria is not scored: Reggio Calabria and Vibo Valentia, 36 per cent of its residents, returned no order and no enforcement request for 2023 although their bailiffs executed 54 evictions, and the regional total fell from 1,222 orders in 2017 to 171 while executions held at 213-245 a year (the provincial evidence is versioned in data/raw/evictions-ucs-2023.json). Sicily is scored with Enna (3 per cent of residents) missing. Screened over 19 regions: max |r| 0.68 with greenhouse-gas emissions per inhabitant (EMIS:GHG_PC, negative) and 0.65 with the voluntary abortion rate (SDG-240), below the duplicate threshold; 0.61 with housing-cost overburden (SDG-222) in the same domain.
    Source
    Ministero dell'Interno, Ufficio Centrale di Statistica, 'Procedure di rilascio di immobili ad uso abitativo', dati 2023 (regional sheet); private households from Eurostat lfst_r_lfsd2hh (ISTAT Labour Force Survey), 2023
    Register
    v1.2 social-candidate review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Grande difficoltà ad arrivare a fine mese 

    BES:04BEC009 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households finding it very hard to make ends meet: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine Eu-Silc
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Grave deprivazione abitativa

    BES:04BEC008 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Severe housing deprivation: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine Eu-Silc
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Grave deprivazione materiale e sociale - Europa 2030

    BES:04BEC007-N23 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Severe material and social deprivation (Europe 2030): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Households in energy poverty (OIPE, 2024)

    OIPE:ENERGY_POVERTY · % of households

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of households in energy poverty under the Faiella-Lavecchia measure adopted by the national energy and climate plan (PNIEC), estimated by OIPE on the microdata of the ISTAT household budget survey for 2024 (report of December 2025): higher is worse. From 18.1 per cent in Puglia to 5.0 in Lazio. OIPE publishes the regional estimates only as chart labels, and the smallest regional samples are imprecise (Puglia, 95 per cent interval 13.7-22.4). No scored series reads energy poverty. Screened: |r| 0.802 with perceived job insecurity (03LAV013-N22), at the duplicate threshold, then 0.76 with the carbon intensity of GDP (EMIS:GHG_GDP); 0.60 with the at-risk-of-poverty rate (04BEC003) in the same domain. The review recommended keeping it as a distinct construct (energy costs against income, which a survey question on job security does not measure) and recorded the call for the owner; kept on the owner's go-ahead of 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    OIPE, Osservatorio Italiano sulla Povertà Energetica, 'La Povertà Energetica in Italia nel 2024' (December 2025), Figure 5, estimated on the microdata of the ISTAT household budget survey
    Register
    v1.2 social-candidate review (28 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Reddito disponibile lordo pro capite

    BES:04BEC001 · Euro (prezzi correnti)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Gross disposable income per capita: BES economic-wellbeing outcome, higher is better. The indicator most collinear with GDP per capita, which is itself not scored; the income dependence of the total is disclosed as a limitation of the methodology. Confirmed by the owner on 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Sovraccarico del costo dell'abitazione

    BES:SDG-222 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Housing cost overburden: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Benessere soggettivo4

  • Giudizio negativo sulle prospettive future

    BES:08BSO004 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Negative judgement of future prospects: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Giudizio positivo sulle prospettive future

    BES:08BSO003 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per il tempo libero

    BES:08BSO002 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per la propria vita

    BES:08BSO001 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Decent work and economic growth3

  • Consumo materiale interno pro capite

    SDG:SDG-40 · Tonnellate per abitante

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Domestic material consumption per capita (UN SDG 12.2.2): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Numero di sportelli operativi per 100.000 abitanti

    SDG:SDG-186 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Bank branches per 100,000 inhabitants: access to financial services (SDG 8.10.1), higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di disoccupazione

    SDG:SDG-39-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Unemployment rate: higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 (Campania at 13.9% scored 100).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Gender equality4

  • Centri antiviolenza e case rifugio: tasso per 100.000 donne di 14 anni e più

    SDG:SDG-307 · Per 100.000 donne

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Anti-violence centres and shelters per 100,000 women: protective capacity (SDG 5.2 response), higher is better. Was inverted in v1.0 because 'violenza' matched inside 'antiviolenza' (Basilicata, with the fewest centres, scored 100).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Proporzione di donne dai 16 ai 75 anni che hanno subito violenza fisica o sessuale da un uomo non partner negli ultimi 5 anni

    SDG:SDG-258 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Women 16-75 who suffered physical or sexual violence from a non-partner: higher is worse. 2025 edition of the ISTAT survey on women's safety; it replaces the 2014 BES measures 07SIC005 and 07SIC006.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quota di tempo dedicato al lavoro non retribuito, domestico e di cura

    SDG:SDG-59 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2014 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work (gender asymmetry, SDG 5.4.1): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Data note
    Latest regional data 2014 (ISTAT Time Use survey 2013-14); the 2023-24 edition is not yet in the SDG file at regional level; kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di abortività volontaria delle donne di 15-49 anni per 1.000 donne

    SDG:SDG-240 · Per 1.000 donne

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Voluntary abortion rate per 1,000 women 15-49. Ruled by the user in Aug 2026 as access to reproductive rights (Goal 5): higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    user ruling (Aug 2026), carried over; second review: pending

Good health and well-being16

  • Available beds in hospitals per 10,000 inhabitants

    EUROSTAT:HOSPITAL_BEDS · beds per 10,000 inhabitants

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Available beds in hospitals per 10,000 inhabitants (Eurostat hlth_rs_bdsrg2, Ministry of Health data; all hospital types, day-care places excluded). Covers 2024 for all 20 regions, with Trentino-Alto Adige as the ratio of sums of its two provinces. It is the same measure as ISTAT SDG:SDG-403 (r = 0.982 in 2023), which stops at 2023, so the owner's sourcing rule keeps this copy. Scored as care capacity (higher is better) under the owner's bed-capacity ruling of 29 Sep 2026; the audit had recommended excluding bed counts because they carry no agreed ESG sign. Passes the duplicate screen against the other scored series: max |r| = 0.75, with BES:02IST025 digital skills. Placed in SDG Goal 3, where SDG-403 would sit.
    Source
    Eurostat hlth_rs_bdsrg2 (units NR and P_HTHAB, Ministry of Health data); Trentino-Alto Adige = ITH1 + ITH2 as a ratio of sums
    Register
    v1.2 bed-capacity ruling (29 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (29 Sep 2026)

  • Copertura vaccinale antinfluenzale età 65+

    SDG:SDG-178 · Per 100 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Influenza vaccination coverage 65+: higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Copertura vaccinale in età pediatrica: morbillo

    SDG:SDG-180 · Per 100 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Paediatric measles vaccination coverage: higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Copertura vaccinale in età pediatrica: polio

    SDG:SDG-179 · Per 100 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Paediatric polio vaccination coverage: higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Domanda di contraccezione soddisfatta con metodi moderni durante gli ultimi 12 mesi

    SDG:SDG-164 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2019 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Demand for contraception satisfied with modern methods: reproductive-health access, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Data note
    Latest regional data 2019 (ISTAT health survey); no newer regional edition in the 2026 SDG file; kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Incidenza delle infezioni da HIV per 100.000 residenti (per regione di residenza)

    SDG:SDG-53 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    New HIV infections per 100,000 residents: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale dei parti con più di 4 visite di controllo effettuate in gravidanza

    SDG:SDG-177 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 18/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Births with more than four antenatal check-ups: care access, higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Posti letto in day-Hospital negli istituti di cura pubblici e privati

    SDG:SDG-404 · Per 10.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Day-hospital beds in public and private hospitals per 10,000 inhabitants (ISTAT on Ministry of Health open data, 2023). Bed counts carry no agreed ESG sign, so the audit recommended exclusion, but on 29 Sep 2026 the owner ruled that every bed series is scored as care capacity (higher is better) once it passes the duplicate screen. It passes: max |r| = 0.62 over the 20 regions, with PNE:HIP_FRACTURE_48H. Eurostat hospital-bed counts exclude day-care places, so this series does not repeat EUROSTAT:HOSPITAL_BEDS. Scored in SDG Goal 3.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    v1.2 bed-capacity ruling (29 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (29 Sep 2026)

  • Probabilità di morire tra i 30 ed i 69 anni per tumori, diabete, malattie cardiovascolari e respiratorie

    SDG:SDG-415 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Probability of dying between 30 and 69 from the four main NCDs: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Probabilità di morte sotto i 5 anni

    SDG:SDG-37 · Per 1.000 nati vivi

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Probability of dying before age 5: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quozienti specifici di fecondità per età per 1.000 donne tra i 10 e i 14 anni

    SDG:SDG-11 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Births per 1,000 girls aged 10-14: adolescent fertility, higher is worse (SDG 3.7.2).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quozienti specifici di fecondità per età per 1000 donne tra i 15 e i 19 anni

    SDG:SDG-55 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19: adolescent fertility, higher is worse (SDG 3.7.2).
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di mortalità neonatale

    SDG:SDG-2 · Per 1.000 nati vivi

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Neonatal mortality rate: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di mortalità per incidente stradale

    SDG:SDG-27 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Road-traffic mortality per 100,000: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso standardizzato di mortalità per avvelenamento accidentale

    SDG:SDG-158 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Standardised mortality from accidental poisoning: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso standardizzato di mortalità per suicidio

    SDG:SDG-8 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Standardised suicide mortality: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Istruzione e formazione15

  • Bambini di 0-2 anni iscritti al nido

    BES:02IST020 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza alfabetica non adeguata (studenti classi III scuola secondaria primo grado)

    BES:SDG-311 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza numerica non adeguata (studenti classi III scuola secondaria primo grado)

    BES:SDG-310 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenze digitali almeno di base

    BES:02IST025 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People with at least basic digital skills: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fruizione delle biblioteche

    BES:02IST024 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Giovani che non lavorano e non studiano (NEET)

    BES:02IST006-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Young people 15-29 not in employment, education or training (NEET): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Laureati e altri titoli terziari (25-34 anni)

    BES:02IST026-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Lettura di libri e quotidiani

    BES:02IST023 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Partecipazione al sistema scolastico dei bambini di 4-5 anni

    BES:02IST001 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Partecipazione alla formazione continua

    BES:02IST007-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Partecipazione culturale fuori casa

    BES:02IST022 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Passaggio all'università

    BES:02IST004 · Tasso specifico di coorte

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Transition rate to university: higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito; Ministero dell'Università e Ricerca
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone che conseguono un titolo terziario STEM nell'anno

    BES:02IST021 · Per 1.000 residenti di 20-29 anni

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    New STEM tertiary graduates per 1,000 residents 20-29: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone con almeno il diploma (25-64 anni)

    BES:02IST002-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Uscita precoce dal sistema di istruzione e formazione

    BES:02IST005-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Early leavers from education and training: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Lavoro e conciliazione dei tempi di vita14

  • Dipendenti con bassa paga

    BES:03LAV005 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Low-paid employees share: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati (15-64 anni) che svolgono più di 60 ore settimanali di lavoro retribuito e/o familiare

    BES:03LAV010 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2014 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of workers doing more than 60 hours a week of paid plus unpaid work: over-work, higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine Uso del tempo
    Data note
    Latest regional data 2014 (ISTAT Time Use survey 2013-14). The 2023-24 Time Use edition has not yet been released at regional level in the BES appendix; kept and flagged as stale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati che lavorano da casa

    BES:03LAV021-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of employed people working from home. ISTAT publishes it without polarity: flexibility (positive) or a service-heavy structure; no agreed ESG sign. Review 2 recommended exclusion; on 28 Sep 2026 the owner chose the flexibility reading, so the indicator is scored as safety (higher is better) in its BES domain.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Occupati in lavori a termine da almeno 5 anni

    BES:03LAV004-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of employees on fixed-term contracts for at least five years (trapped in temporary work): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati non regolari

    BES:03LAV008 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of irregular (undeclared) workers in total employment: higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati sovraistruiti tra i laureati (25-64 anni)

    BES:03LAV006-N25 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of graduates working in jobs below their qualification (skills mismatch): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Part time involontario

    BES:03LAV014-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Involuntary part-time share: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percezione di insicurezza dell'occupazione

    BES:03LAV013-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of workers who perceive their job as insecure: higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('sicurezza' keyword).
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rapporto tra i tassi di occupazione (25-49 anni) delle donne con figli in età prescolare e delle donne senza figli

    BES:03LAV009-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Employment rate of mothers of pre-school children relative to childless women (x100): a higher ratio is closer to parity, i.e. better. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per il lavoro svolto

    BES:03LAV022-N22 · Per 100 occupati

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Satisfaction with one's job: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di infortuni sul lavoro mortali e con inabilità permanente

    BES:03LAV007 · Per 10.000 occupati

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fatal and permanently disabling workplace accidents per 10,000 workers: higher is worse.
    Source
    Inail
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di mancata partecipazione al lavoro

    BES:03LAV002-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Non-participation rate in the labour market: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di occupazione (20-64 anni)

    BES:03LAV001-N22 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Employment rate 20-64: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Trasformazioni da lavori instabili a lavori stabili

    BES:03LAV003 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Transitions from unstable to stable jobs: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

No poverty2

  • Famiglie che dichiarano difficoltà di collegamento con mezzi pubblici

    SDG:SDG-38 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households reporting difficulty reaching public transport: service gap, higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rischio di povertà o di esclusione sociale - Europa 2030

    SDG:SDG-251-N23 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (Europe 2030): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Quality education18

  • Competenza alfabetica non adeguata (studenti classi II scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-504 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza alfabetica non adeguata (studenti classi V scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-506 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza alfabetica non adeguata (studenti ultima classe scuola secondaria secondo grado)

    SDG:SDG-443 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza numerica non adeguata (studenti classi II scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-505 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza numerica non adeguata (studenti classi V scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-507 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Competenza numerica non adeguata (studenti ultima classe scuola secondaria secondo grado)

    SDG:SDG-444 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione all'ascolto (listening) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti classi III scuola secondaria primo grado)

    SDG:SDG-312 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Students with inadequate English listening (grade 8): higher is worse.
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione all'ascolto (listening) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti classi V scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-508 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Students with inadequate English listening (grade 5): higher is worse.
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione all'ascolto (listening) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti ultima classe scuola secondaria secondo grado)

    SDG:SDG-445 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Students with inadequate English listening (grade 13): higher is worse.
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione della lettura (reading) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti classi III scuola secondaria primo grado)

    SDG:SDG-313 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione della lettura (reading) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti classi V scuola primaria)

    SDG:SDG-509 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Comprensione della lettura (reading) della lingua inglese non adeguata (studenti ultima classe scuola secondaria secondo grado)

    SDG:SDG-446 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of students whose competence is NOT adequate (below the INVALSI threshold): higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0 ('competenza'/'comprensione' keyword beat 'non adeguata').
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Dispersione implicita (studenti ultima classe scuola secondaria secondo grado)

    SDG:SDG-497 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Implicit dropout (students below minimum levels in all subjects): higher is worse.
    Source
    Invalsi
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Posti autorizzati nei servizi socio educativi (asili nido e servizi integrativi per la prima infanzia) per 100 bambini di 0-2 anni

    SDG:SDG-416 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Authorised places in early-childhood services per 100 children 0-2: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Scuole accessibili dal punto di vista fisico

    SDG:SDG-468 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Schools physically accessible: inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Scuole con alunni con disabilità per presenza postazioni informatiche adattate: scuola primaria

    SDG:SDG-347 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Primary schools with adapted IT workstations for pupils with disabilities: inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Scuole con alunni con disabilità per presenza postazioni informatiche adattate: scuola secondaria di primo grado

    SDG:SDG-348 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Lower-secondary schools with adapted IT workstations: inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Scuole con alunni con disabilità per presenza postazioni informatiche adattate: scuola secondaria di secondo grado

    SDG:SDG-368 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Upper-secondary schools with adapted IT workstations: inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Reduced inequalities2

  • Tasso di variazione del reddito familiare pro capite per il 40% più povero della popolazione

    SDG:SDG-47 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Growth of household income per capita for the bottom 40%: shared prosperity (SDG 10.1), higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Tasso di variazione del reddito familiare pro capite per il totale della popolazione

    SDG:SDG-67 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Growth of household income per capita, total population (SDG 10.1 companion): higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Relazioni sociali9

  • Attività di volontariato

    BES:05REL006 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fiducia generalizzata

    BES:05REL009 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Finanziamento delle associazioni

    BES:05REL007 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people who gave money to associations: civic participation, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Organizzazioni non profit

    BES:05REL008 · Per 10.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Censimento sulle istituzioni non profit anni 2011 e 2015; Registro statistico delle istituzioni non profit dal 2016
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Partecipazione civica e politica

    BES:05REL005 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Partecipazione sociale

    BES:05REL010 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Participation, education or social-capital measure: a higher value is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone su cui contare

    BES:05REL003 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per le relazioni amicali

    BES:05REL002 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per le relazioni familiari

    BES:05REL001 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Salute16

  • Adeguata alimentazione (tassi standardizzati)

    BES:01SAL013 · Tassi standardizzati per 100 persone

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Adequate nutrition (standardised rate): higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Alcol (tassi standardizzati)

    BES:01SAL011 · Tassi standardizzati per 100 persone

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health risk factor or condition: a higher value is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Eccesso di peso (tassi standardizzati)

    BES:01SAL009 · Tassi standardizzati per 100 persone

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health risk factor or condition: a higher value is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fumo (tassi standardizzati)

    BES:01SAL010 · Tassi standardizzati per 100 persone

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health risk factor or condition: a higher value is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Indice di salute mentale (MH)

    BES:01SAL003 · Punteggi medi standardizzati

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mental-health index (SF-36 MH): higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mortalità evitabile (0-74 anni)

    BES:01SAL020 · Tassi standardizzati per 10.000 residenti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mortality measure: a higher rate is a worse health outcome.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine sui decessi e sulle cause di morte
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mortalità infantile

    BES:01SAL004 · Per 1.000 nati vivi

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mortality measure: a higher rate is a worse health outcome.
    Source
    Istat - Per i decessi: Indagine sui decessi e sulle cause di morte. Per i nati vivi: Rilevazione annuale Movimento e calcolo della popolazione residente
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mortalità per demenze e malattie del sistema nervoso (65 anni e più)

    BES:01SAL007 · Tassi standardizzati per 10.000 residenti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mortality measure: a higher rate is a worse health outcome.
    Source
    Istat - Per i decessi: Istat, Indagine sui decessi e sulle cause di morte. Per la popolazione: Istat, Rilevazione sulla Popolazione residente comunale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mortalità per incidenti stradali (15-34 anni)

    BES:01SAL005 · Tassi standardizzati per 10.000 residenti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mortality measure: a higher rate is a worse health outcome.
    Source
    Istat - Per i decessi: Rilevazione degli incidenti stradali con lesioni alle persone. Per la popolazione: Rilevazione sulla Popolazione residente comunale per sesso, anno di nascita e stato civile
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mortalità per tumore (20-64 anni)

    BES:01SAL006 · Tassi standardizzati per 10.000 residenti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Mortality measure: a higher rate is a worse health outcome.
    Source
    Istat - Per i decessi: Istat, Indagine sui decessi e sulle cause di morte. Per la popolazione: Istat, Rilevazione sulla Popolazione residente comunale.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Multicronicità e limitazioni gravi (75 anni e più)

    BES:01SAL021 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health risk factor or condition: a higher value is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Old-age dependency ratio (population 65+ per 100 aged 15-64)

    EUROSTAT:OLD_AGE_DEP · % (65+ / 15-64)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Old-age dependency ratio: structural ageing pressure on health and care systems, higher is worse.
    Source
    Eurostat demo_r_pjanind2, indic_de OLDDEP1
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Sedentarietà (tassi standardizzati)

    BES:01SAL012 · Tassi standardizzati per 100 persone

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health risk factor or condition: a higher value is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Speranza di vita alla nascita

    BES:01SAL001 · Numero medio di anni

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health outcome: a higher value means better health.
    Source
    Istat - Tavole di mortalità della popolazione italiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Speranza di vita in buona salute alla nascita

    BES:01SAL002 · Numero medio di anni

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health outcome: a higher value means better health.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Speranza di vita senza limitazioni nelle attività a 65 anni

    BES:01SAL008 · Numero medio di anni

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Health outcome: a higher value means better health.
    Source
    Istat - Tavole di mortalità della popolazione italiana e Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Sicurezza10

  • Borseggi

    BES:07SIC003 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Pickpocketing per 1,000 inhabitants: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati delle denunce alle Forze dell'ordine (Ministero dell'Interno) e dati dell'indagine sulla Sicurezza dei cittadini (Istat)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Furti in abitazione

    BES:07SIC002 · Per 1.000 famiglie

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Burglaries per 1,000 households: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati delle denunce alle Forze dell'ordine (Ministero dell'Interno) e dati dell'indagine sulla Sicurezza dei cittadini (Istat)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Omicidi volontari

    BES:07SIC001 · Per 100.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Intentional homicides per 100,000: higher is worse.
    Source
    Ministero dell'Interno
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Paura di stare per subire un reato

    BES:07SIC010 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fear of being about to suffer a crime: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine sulla Sicurezza dei cittadini
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percezione del rischio di criminalità

    BES:07SIC022 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Perceived crime risk in the area: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percezione di sicurezza camminando da soli quando è buio

    BES:07SIC020 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People who feel safe walking alone after dark: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Preoccupazione di subire una violenza sessuale

    BES:07SIC008 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of people worried about suffering sexual violence: higher is worse perceived safety. Was inverted in v1.0 ('sicurezza' keyword family).
    Source
    Istat - Indagine sulla Sicurezza dei cittadini
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Presenza di elementi di degrado nella zona in cui si vive

    BES:07SIC021 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Presence of urban decay elements where one lives: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rapine

    BES:07SIC004 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Robberies per 1,000 inhabitants: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati delle denunce alle Forze dell'ordine (Ministero dell'Interno) e dati dell'indagine sulla Sicurezza dei cittadini (Istat)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Violenza nella coppia

    BES:07SIC007 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Intimate-partner violence: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Zero hunger6

  • Eccesso di peso o obesità tra i minori da 3 a 17 anni di età

    SDG:SDG-130 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Overweight or obesity among children 3-17: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Emissioni di ammoniaca prodotte dal settore agricolo (per km2)

    SDG:SDG-250 · Tonnellate per km2 di superficie regionale

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    • intensity
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Ammonia emissions from agriculture: environmental pressure, higher is worse. Published in thousand tonnes; scored per km2 of regional surface from v1.1.
    Source
    ISPRA
    Intensity
    Ammonia from agriculture per km2 of regional surface. Utilised agricultural area would be the ideal denominator; it is not in the region file, so total surface is used and documented.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fertilizzanti distribuiti in agricoltura

    SDG:SDG-326 · Kg per ettaro

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fertilisers distributed per hectare: agricultural pressure, higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupati non regolari in agricoltura, silvicoltura e pesca

    SDG:SDG-489 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of irregular (undeclared) workers in agriculture, forestry and fishing: higher is worse (SDG 8.8). Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Prodotti fitosanitari distribuiti in agricoltura

    SDG:SDG-327 · Kg per ettaro

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Plant-protection products distributed per hectare: agricultural pressure, higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Quota di superficie agricola utilizzata investita da coltivazioni biologiche

    SDG:SDG-13 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of utilised agricultural area under organic farming: higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero dell'agricoltura, della sovranità alimentare e delle foreste
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Governance62

Climate governance2

  • Regional climate-adaptation strategy and plan: stage reached (ISPRA survey 2025)

    ADAPT:REGIONAL_STAGE · stage class (0 other initiatives only, 1 path towards a strategy started, 2 strategy approved, 3 strategy and implementation plan approved)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    • fixed scale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fixed-scale class read from the ISPRA sheet 'Strategie e piani di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici' (31 Dec 2025, situation at March 2025; survey of the regions and autonomous provinces by the Ministry of the Environment for the reporting under art. 19 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999): strategy and implementation plan approved = 100 (Lombardy, Marche), strategy approved = 67 (Emilia-Romagna, Liguria, Molise, Sardinia, Valle d'Aosta), formal path towards a strategy started = 33 (eight regions and the Province of Trento), other initiatives only = 0 (Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Tuscany and the Province of Bolzano). Trentino-Alto Adige takes its two provinces weighted by residents. The regional strategy is the regional tier of climate governance, on which the national adaptation plan (PNACC, 2023) relies for implementation, so a later stage is better. Screened: max |r| 0.54 with nursery enrolment (02IST020); Pearson on a four-class variable carries little meaning, and the class is a hard administrative fact.
    Source
    ISPRA, environmental indicator 'Strategie e piani di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici' (sheet of 31 Dec 2025, situation at March 2025), ISPRA elaboration of the questionnaire of the Ministry of the Environment (MASE) to the regions and autonomous provinces for the biennial report under art. 19 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999
    Register
    v1.2 governance-candidate review (29 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Residents of municipalities with a Covenant of Mayors climate action plan to 2030 or 2050 (PAESC), share of the population (JRC MyCovenant, 2025)

    GCOM:PLAN_COVERAGE · % of resident population

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of residents (ISTAT, 1 Jan 2025) of municipalities that are active signatories of the Covenant of Mayors and whose own action plan, or the joint plan of their group, carries the 2030 or 2050 target (PAESC: mitigation and adaptation), from the JRC MyCovenant open data (6th release, July 2025): adopting a local climate plan is the municipal tier of climate governance, so higher is better. From 84 per cent in Emilia-Romagna and 83 in Sicily to none in Abruzzo and Basilicata; plans with the 2020 target only (PAES) do not count, so Milan, Naples, Bari and Venice are not covered. It reads adoption, not implementation: about 40 per cent of the municipalities with a 2030 plan had filed a monitoring report by the release. Screened: max |r| 0.57 with research intensity (11RIC001); 0.17 with the regional adaptation stage in the same group. The signatory reach used by Eurostat for SDG 13.60 (pledges, including signatories with no 2030 plan on file) was set aside at 0.88 with this share (Annex B).
    Source
    European Commission, Joint Research Centre, GCoM - MyCovenant open data, 6th release (July 2025): signatories and action plans, joined to the ISTAT municipal population on 1 January 2025 (POSAS)
    Register
    v1.2 governance-candidate review (29 Sep 2026); second review: pending

EU-funds delivery4

  • Cohesion funds absorption rate (2014-2020 cycle)

    OC:ABSORPTION_1420 · % of public funding paid out, 2014-2020 programming cycle

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Cohesion-fund absorption rate: administrative capacity, higher is better.
    Source
    OpenCoesione (RGS-MEF monitoring), via Internet Archive captures of official per-region open-data files
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Cohesion policy 2021-2027: interim payments received on the regional ERDF and ESF+ programmes, share of the planned EU amount

    EC:INTERIM_PAYMENTS_2127 · % of planned EU amount (net interim payments, pre-financing excluded)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Net interim payments from the Commission (pre-financing excluded) over the planned EU amount of the region's own 2021-2027 programmes: payments follow certified expenditure, so higher is better delivery of the open cycle. Screened: max |r| 0.77 with adequate nutrition (01SAL013).
    Source
    European Commission, Cohesion Open Data Platform, dataset '2021-2027 EU payment details (timeseries)' (pbbz-hmfu), latest period
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Cohesion projects concluded (2014-2020 cycle)

    OC:CONCLUDED_1420 · % of monitored projects concluded or settled, 2014-2020 programming cycle

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of cohesion projects concluded: administrative capacity, higher is better.
    Source
    OpenCoesione (RGS-MEF monitoring), via Internet Archive captures of official per-region open-data files
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • PNRR: payments made as a share of the financing of the projects located in the region

    PNRR:PAYMENT_SHARE · % of the total financing (PNRR and other funds) of the attributed projects already paid

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Payments made over the total financing of the PNRR projects located in a municipality or province of the region (plus single-region regional projects), ReGiS extraction of 13 June 2026 republished by OpenPNRR: financial execution, higher is better delivery. Multi-region projects are split equally and national programmes booked in every region are dropped, so the measure reads what the region and its local bodies run. Screened: max |r| 0.80 with the NSG CORE minimum (MDS:NSG_CORE_MIN, itself new in v1.2 and in another group), 0.78 with participation in lifelong learning (02IST007-N22) and 0.78 with home burglaries (07SIC002); 0.60 with the 2014-2020 absorption rate and 0.52 with the 2021-2027 interim payments it joins in the EU-funds group. Confirmed by the owner on 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    Italia Domani / ReGiS project extraction of 2026-06-13 as republished by the OpenPNRR API (openpolis, ODbL), territory endpoint; projects located in a municipality or province of the region plus single-region regional projects, multi-region projects split equally, national programmes excluded
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

Health governance4

  • Acute myocardial infarction: 30-day mortality, risk-adjusted, mean of the region's hospitals weighted by cases (AGENAS PNE, 2024)

    PNE:AMI_MORTALITY_30D · % of admissions, risk-adjusted (hospital discharges of 2024)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Risk-adjusted mortality within 30 days of an admission for acute myocardial infarction (AGENAS PNE, 2025 edition, discharges of 2024; indicator 620), the reference outcome of the emergency cardiology network that DM 70/2015 organises for time-dependent conditions: higher is worse. The 2025 edition publishes it by hospital only, so the regional value is the mean of the hospitals located in the region weighted by their cases, which reads the region's hospitals rather than its residents; hospitals whose rate PNE masks for small numbers enter no mean (at most 20.1 per cent of a region's cases, in Trentino-Alto Adige). From 9.3 per cent in Molise to 4.0 in Valle d'Aosta. Screened: max |r| 0.69 with urban waste produced per inhabitant (10AMB024, negative), below the duplicate threshold; 0.02 with the hip-fracture measure, -0.16 with the NSG CORE minimum and 0.54 with the recovery-plan class. Ischaemic stroke 30-day mortality, read the same way, failed the screen (0.83 with mortality from nervous-system diseases at 65+, 01SAL007).
    Source
    AGENAS, Programma Nazionale Esiti (PNE), edizione 2025, indicator 620 'Infarto Miocardico Acuto: mortalità a 30 giorni - con nuove variabili', hospital series
    Register
    v1.2 social-candidate review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Essential levels of care (LEA): Nuovo Sistema di Garanzia CORE score of the weakest macro-area

    MDS:NSG_CORE_MIN · NSG CORE score, 0-100, of the weakest of the three macro-areas (prevention, district care, hospital care); 60 = sufficiency threshold

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Ministry of Health NSG CORE score (0-100) of the weakest of the three macro-areas (prevention, district care, hospital care): the Ministry's own binding LEA test, since a region fulfils the LEA only when all three reach 60. Higher is better. Screened: max |r| 0.79 with home burglaries (07SIC002). The unweighted mean of the three areas was set aside at |r| 0.85 with electoral participation and 0.84 with burglaries.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute, Direzione generale della programmazione sanitaria, 'Monitoraggio dei LEA attraverso il Nuovo Sistema di Garanzia - Relazione 2023' (Lispi L. et al., Ministero della Salute, 2025), Tabella 3 p. 22 (2023) and Tabella 4 p. 23 (2020-2022)
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Health deficit recovery plan (piano di rientro dal disavanzo sanitario): status of the regional health service

    MDS:RECOVERY_PLAN · status class (0 none, 1 recovery plan without commissioner, 2 recovery plan under a commissario ad acta)

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    • fixed scale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Fixed-scale class read at the reference date: no plan = 100, plan administered by the region = 50, plan under a commissario ad acta = 0. A plan is a present loss of budgetary autonomy over the largest item the region runs, so a higher class is higher risk. Kept although its correlation with the subjective outlook indicator sits exactly at the duplicate threshold: it is a hard administrative fact in a different factor, and Pearson on a three-class variable carries little meaning. Confirmed by the owner on 28 Sep 2026.
    Source
    Ministero della Salute, 'Piani di rientro' thematic pages (regions in a recovery plan, commissariamento phases, Tavolo di verifica decisions), with the 2026 changes taken from the press releases and news listed under evidence
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Hip fracture in patients aged 65+: share operated within 48 hours of arrival at the admitting hospital, risk-adjusted (AGENAS PNE, 2024)

    PNE:HIP_FRACTURE_48H · % of cases, risk-adjusted, by region of residence (hospital discharges of 2024)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of patients aged 65 and over admitted with a fracture of the femoral neck who are operated within 48 hours of arrival at the admitting hospital, adjusted by PNE for age, sex and comorbidity and attributed to the region of residence (AGENAS Programma Nazionale Esiti, 2025 edition, discharges of 2024; indicator 640): early surgery lowers mortality and complications, and DM 70/2015 sets a minimum of 60 per cent for each hospital, so higher is better. From 78.1 per cent in Veneto to 30.9 in Sardinia. It reads the hospital network the region plans, so it joins the health-governance group. Screened: max |r| 0.76 with urban sprawl (09PAE004, 17 regions), a spurious match, then 0.69 with PM2.5 (10AMB020), below the duplicate threshold; 0.56 with the NSG CORE minimum (MDS:NSG_CORE_MIN), whose hospital area aggregates the same measure (H13C) with others.
    Source
    AGENAS, Programma Nazionale Esiti (PNE), edizione 2025, indicator 640 'Frattura del collo del femore: intervento chirurgico entro 48 ore dall'accesso nella struttura di ricovero', regional series by region of residence
    Register
    v1.2 social-candidate review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Industry, innovation and infrastructure4

  • Imprese con almeno 10 addetti con vendite via web alle imprese e alle istituzioni pubbliche

    SDG:SDG-455 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Firms with 10+ employees selling online to firms and public bodies: digitalisation, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di piccole imprese con almeno un rapporto creditizio

    SDG:SDG-409 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2018 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of small firms with at least one credit relationship: SME financial inclusion (SDG 9.3.2), higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Data note
    Latest regional data 2018 (Banca d'Italia / ISTAT business register linkage); the SDG file carries no newer year; kept and flagged as stale. Replacement searched in the v1.2 stale-series review (28 Sep 2026): the Banca d'Italia BDS publishes no regional count or share of small firms with credit; its only regional firm-size series is the 12-month growth of loans to small firms (cube TFR20231, sector SBI33, to March 2026), a flow that runs opposite to the 2018 access level (r = -0.54) (see sources not integrable).
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di valore aggiunto delle imprese MHT rispetto al valore aggiunto manifatturiero

    SDG:SDG-54 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Medium/high-tech share of manufacturing value added: technological upgrading (SDG 9.b.1), higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Ricercatori (in equivalente tempo pieno)

    SDG:SDG-84 · Per 10.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Researchers (FTE) per 10,000 inhabitants: innovation capacity, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Innovazione, ricerca e creatività10

  • Comuni con servizi per le famiglie interamente online

    BES:11RIC022 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Municipalities with fully online family services: e-government, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione nelle pubbliche amministrazioni
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Disponibilità in famiglia di almeno un computer e della connessione a Internet

    BES:11RIC021 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households with at least one computer and internet access: digital inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Imprese con almeno 10 addetti con vendite via web a clienti finali

    BES:11RIC023 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Firms with 10+ employees selling online to consumers: digitalisation, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Innovazione del sistema produttivo

    BES:11RIC004 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Innovation measure: a higher value means more institutional and economic capacity.
    Source
    Istat - Cis (Community Innovation Survey)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Intensità di ricerca

    BES:11RIC001 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Innovation measure: a higher value means more institutional and economic capacity.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Lavoratori della conoscenza

    BES:11RIC003-N22 · Per 100 occupati

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Innovation measure: a higher value means more institutional and economic capacity.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Mobilità dei laureati italiani (25-39 anni)

    BES:11RIC025 · Per 1.000 laureati residenti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Net migration rate of young Italian graduates per 1,000 graduate residents: positive values mean net inflow, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Iscrizioni e cancellazioni per trasferimento di residenza e Censimento permanente della popolazione
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Occupazione culturale e creativa

    BES:11RIC006-N22 · Per 100 occupati

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Innovation measure: a higher value means more institutional and economic capacity.
    Source
    Istat - Rilevazione sulle Forze di lavoro
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Propensione alla brevettazione

    BES:11RIC002 · Per milione di abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Innovation measure: a higher value means more institutional and economic capacity.
    Source
    Ocse - Database Regpat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Utenti regolari di internet

    BES:11RIC020 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Regular internet users: digital inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Partnerships for the goals3

  • Persone che hanno effettuato operazioni bancarie on line (internet banking) negli ultimi 3 mesi

    SDG:SDG-457 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People who used internet banking in the last 3 months: digital inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone che hanno ordinato/acquistato beni o servizi per uso privato su internet negli ultimi 3 mesi

    SDG:SDG-456 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People who bought goods or services online in the last 3 months: digital inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Persone di 6 anni e più che hanno usato Internet negli ultimi 3 mesi

    SDG:SDG-33 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People 6+ who used the internet in the last 3 months: digital inclusion, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Peace, justice and strong institutions6

  • Famiglie che hanno ricevuto richieste di denaro, favori o altro in cambio di facilitazioni o servizi negli ultimi 12 mesi

    SDG:SDG-202 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 19/20 regions
    • 2016 · stale
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households asked for money or favours in exchange for services (corruption, last 12 months): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Data note
    Latest regional data 2016. The 2022-23 ISTAT citizens' safety survey has been published only nationally (2023 value in the SDG file) and by macro-area; the regional breakdown is awaited; kept and flagged as stale. Replacement searched in the v1.2 stale-series review (28 Sep 2026): the ANAC 'Misura la corruzione' context and crime indicators stop at 2017, and red flag 9 (single-bid share) recomputed from the ANAC contract database for 2025 is not stable enough to rank regions (see sources not integrable).
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Giovani e rappresentanza politica in Parlamento

    SDG:SDG-315 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of MPs under 40 elected in the region (SDG 16.7.1 proxy): higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Minacce contro i giornalisti (per milione di abitanti)

    SDG:SDG-527 · Per milione di abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    • intensity
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Threats against journalists: press-freedom and rule-of-law signal (SDG 16.10.1), higher is worse. Published as a count; scored per million inhabitants from v1.1.
    Source
    Ministero dell'Interno
    Intensity
    Threats against journalists per million inhabitants.
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di detenuti adulti in attesa di primo giudizio sul totale dei detenuti adulti

    SDG:SDG-29 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of adult detainees awaiting first judgment: justice-system weakness (SDG 16.3.2), higher is worse.
    Source
    Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Percentuale di persone con un giudizio positivo sulle anagrafi

    SDG:SDG-524 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People with a positive judgement of civil-registry offices: service quality, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Popolazione non iscritta in anagrafe

    SDG:SDG-528 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Population not registered in the civil registry per 1,000: administrative exclusion, higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Politica e istituzioni12

  • Affollamento degli istituti di pena

    BES:06POL012 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Prison overcrowding: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Donne e rappresentanza politica a livello locale

    BES:06POL007 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Women in regional and local councils: representation, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Donne e rappresentanza politica in Parlamento

    BES:06POL006 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Women elected to Parliament in the region: representation, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Durata dei procedimenti civili

    BES:06POL011 · Numero di giorni

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Average duration of civil proceedings (days): higher is worse.
    Source
    Ministero della Giustizia
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Età media dei parlamentari italiani

    BES:06POL010 · Età media

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2022
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Average age of Italian MPs elected in the region. BES reads a lower age as generational renewal, but attribution to regional governance is weak and ESG relevance marginal. Review 2 recommended exclusion; on 28 Sep 2026 the owner chose the BES convention, so the indicator is scored as risk (a higher average age is worse). v1.0 had scored it as safety, so the sign is also inverted with respect to the first edition.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati della Camera dei Deputati e del Senato della Repubblica
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • European Quality of Government Index

    EQI:EQI · index (EU standardized, higher = better governance)

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    European Quality of Government Index: higher is better governance.
    Source
    Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fiducia nei partiti

    BES:06POL004 · Valore medio

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fiducia nel Parlamento italiano

    BES:06POL002 · Valore medio

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fiducia nel sistema giudiziario

    BES:06POL003 · Valore medio

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Fiducia nelle Forze dell'ordine e nei Vigili del fuoco

    BES:06POL005 · Valore medio

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Positive perception measure: a higher share means better perceived wellbeing or trust.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Municipal councils dissolved for mafia infiltration (art. 143 TUEL), decrees since 2016 per 100 municipalities

    MI:MAFIA_DISSOLUTIONS · dissolution decrees per 100 municipalities

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2026
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Dissolution decrees under art. 143 TUEL are the hardest integrity signal available, but the series is zero in twelve regions and its correlation with severe material deprivation (04BEC007-N23) is 0.92, with great difficulty in making ends meet 0.89 and with low-paid employees 0.87: statistically it republishes the deprivation gradient already scored in S. The review therefore recommended exclusion under the standing duplicate rule (|r| > 0.8 with a scored indicator). On 28 Sep 2026 the owner overrode the recommendation: the indicator is scored as risk (higher is worse) and joins the BES domain Politica e istituzioni through the thematic-group registry, as the one integrity measure that is an administrative fact rather than a survey answer. The 0.92 correlation with severe material deprivation is disclosed here as an accepted exception to the duplicate rule; corruption experience remains covered by SDG-202 (households asked for money, favours or other).
    Source
    Presidential dissolution decrees (DPR on proposal of the Ministero dell'Interno, art. 143 d.lgs. 267/2000) as compiled in the open WikiMafia register 'Comuni sciolti per mafia'; municipalities from the ISTAT list of administrative units
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (28 Sep 2026)

  • Partecipazione elettorale

    BES:06POL001 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Electoral turnout: civic participation, higher is better.
    Source
    Ministero dell'Interno
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Public finance and payment discipline2

  • Local government debt (regions, provinces, municipalities and local health entities), unconsolidated gross Maastricht debt (per abitante)

    BDI:LOCAL_DEBT · Euro per abitante

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    • intensity
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Gross Maastricht debt of the whole local government sector resident in the region, including the State liquidity advances that funded past health and commercial arrears (Banca d'Italia BDS): higher is worse. Published as a stock in EUR million; scored per inhabitant (intensityTransforms). Screened: max |r| 0.75 with satisfaction with registry services (SDG-524).
    Source
    Banca d'Italia, Base Dati Statistica, 'Local government debt' (FPR_FP, sector S1313, Maastricht debt MGD, counterpart SBI5 = all creditors incl. central government liquidity advances), face value, EDP source
    Intensity
    Local government debt (regions, provinces, municipalities, local health entities) per inhabitant; the stock in EUR million would otherwise rank regions by size.
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Payment delay to suppliers of the regional administration and its local health entities (weighted by amount paid)

    RGS:PAYMENT_DELAY · days after (+) or before (-) the legal due date, weighted average

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Weighted average of days after (+) or before (-) the legal due date at which 2025 invoices were paid, regions and local health entities only (MEF-RGS Piattaforma dei Crediti Commerciali): later payment is worse. Screened: max |r| 0.72 with hospital emigration to other regions (12SER025).
    Source
    MEF Ragioneria Generale dello Stato, Piattaforma dei Crediti Commerciali, 'Fatture del 2025: pagamenti e tempi medi ponderati di pagamento e di ritardo' per administration (art. 1(869) L. 145/2018; PNRR milestone M1C1-72quinquies), observation 22 aprile 2026; bodies located by the IPA register and the ISTAT municipality list
    Register
    v1.2 sourcing review (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

Qualità dei servizi15

  • Anziani trattati in assistenza domiciliare integrata

    BES:12SER003 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Elderly people receiving integrated home care: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Ministero della Salute, Sistema Informativo Sanitario (SIS)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Copertura della rete fissa di accesso ultra veloce a internet

    BES:12SER020 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Coverage of ultra-fast fixed broadband: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Difficoltà di accesso ad alcuni servizi

    BES:12SER004 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households reporting difficulty accessing essential services: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Emigrazione ospedaliera in altra regione

    BES:12SER025 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Hospital admissions in another region (care emigration): higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazioni su dati delle Schede di Dimissione Ospedaliera (SDO) del Ministero della salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Infermieri e ostetriche

    BES:SDG-4 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Nurses and midwives per 1,000 inhabitants: health-service capacity, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Irregolarità del servizio elettrico

    BES:12SER007 · Numero medio per utente

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Electricity interruptions per user: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e Ambiente (Arera)
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Irregolarità nella distribuzione dell'acqua

    BES:12SER006 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Households reporting irregular water supply: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Medici

    BES:SDG-3 · Per 1.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Doctors per 1,000 inhabitants: health-service capacity, higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Medici di medicina generale con un numero di assistiti oltre soglia

    BES:12SER027 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of general practitioners with more patients than the contractual ceiling: a doctor shortage, higher is worse. Was inverted in v1.0.
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Ministero della Salute
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Posti letto per specialità a elevata assistenza

    BES:12SER022 · Per 10.000 abitanti

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2023
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Beds in high-intensity care specialties per 10,000 inhabitants (ISTAT on Ministry of Health data, 2023). Bed counts carry no agreed ESG sign: more beds can mean better access or a hospital-centred network. The audit therefore recommended exclusion, but on 29 Sep 2026 the owner ruled that every bed series is scored as care capacity (higher is better) once it passes the duplicate screen. It passes: max |r| = 0.51 over the 20 regions, with SDG:SDG-27 road-accident mortality. Scored in its BES domain (Qualità dei servizi).
    Source
    Istat - Elaborazione su dati Ministero della Salute
    Register
    v1.2 bed-capacity ruling (29 Sep 2026); second review: owner decision (29 Sep 2026)

  • Posti-km offerti dal Tpl

    BES:12SER008 · Valori per abitante

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Seat-km offered by local public transport per inhabitant: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Residents of inner areas: share of the population living in intermediate, peripheral and ultra-peripheral municipalities (SNAI map 2020)

    SNAI:INNER_AREAS · % of resident population

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2020
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Share of residents living in municipalities that the national strategy for inner areas classes as intermediate, peripheral or ultra-peripheral (D, E, F) by road travel time to the nearest pole, a municipality offering at once the full range of upper-secondary schools, a hospital with a first-level emergency department and a Silver-category railway station (Mappa delle aree interne 2020, the reference of the 2021-2027 cohesion cycle): distance from essential services is higher risk of exclusion from them and of the depopulation the strategy exists to counter, so higher is worse. From 79.5 per cent in Basilicata to 7.8 in Veneto. It joins the BES domain Qualità dei servizi (0.17 with households reporting difficulty in reaching services, 12SER004). Screened: max |r| 0.73 with the net mobility of young graduates (11RIC025, negative) and 0.72 with marine litter (SDG-488, 15 regions) and drinking-water withdrawals (SDG-378), below the duplicate threshold; 0.72 with energy poverty, scored in S. The peripheral and ultra-peripheral share alone (E, F) failed the screen (0.80 with SDG-378), as did population change over one, five and ten years (0.81 to 0.84), the direct depopulation measures.
    Source
    Dipartimento per le politiche di coesione / NUVAP, Strategia Nazionale per le Aree Interne, 'Mappa delle aree interne 2020', tavole di sintesi per regione (14 Feb 2022)
    Register
    v1.2 social-candidate review (28 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Rinuncia a prestazioni sanitarie

    BES:12SER026 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = more risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    People who forwent needed healthcare: higher is worse.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Soddisfazione per i servizi di trasporto pubblico

    BES:12SER010 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2024
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Satisfaction with public-transport services: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat - Indagine multiscopo sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending

  • Utenti assidui dei mezzi pubblici

    BES:12SER021 · Valori percentuali

    • higher = less risk
    • 20/20 regions
    • 2025
    Rationale and source
    Direction
    Regular users of public transport: higher is better.
    Source
    Istat
    Register
    review-2 audit (27 Sep 2026); second review: pending